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Short cuts to safety: risk and 'rules of thumb' in accounts of food choice: Health, Risk & Society, Vol. 5, No. 1. (2003), pp. 33-52.A number of 'food scares' over the past decade in Europe have generated considerable debate about public understandings of food risk, and the extent to which such understandings impact on decision making. This paper reports on a focus group study of how UK consumers discuss choosing safe food. Strategies for making food choices were, in general, characterised by confidence rather than anxiety. Although concerned in an abstract way with the safety of food and how it was monitored, 'risk' and 'safety' were rarely the primary discursive framework used for justifying food choices. Other discourses, such as health, naturalness, economy and convenience, competed with, overlapped with or were legitimated by that of 'risk'. However, everyday decision making was presented as a routine endeavour, aided by a number of 'short cuts' or rules of thumb for establishing food choices as routine and unremarkable. These short cuts divided safe from risky categories of food, but also divided preferred from despised foodstuffs in relation to other food discourses. Rules of thumb provided useful rhetorical devices for routinising accounts of food choice. In practice, however, rules of thumb are reported as being utilised in complex and contingent ways. They thus provide a sophisticated bulwark against the uncertainties of food risks when events (such as the media concern over BSE) threaten everyday trust in routine decisions.Judi th Green, Alizon Draper, Elizabeth Dowler

Source: Health, Risk & Society, Vol. 5, No. 1. (2003), pp. 33-52.
Comparative study of the PrPBSE distribution in brains from BSE field cases using rapid tests: Journal of Virological Methods, Vol. 127, No. 1. (July 2005), pp. 24-32.The distribution of PrPBSE in the brain of nine confirmed BSE field cases was analyzed using immunohistoche mistry and compared to the levels of PrPBSE determined by two rapid tests (Prionics(R)-C heck WESTERN and Prionics(R)-Ch eck LIA). Each brain was dissected into 16 areas: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar medulla, cerebellar hemispheres, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, frontal cortex, piriform lobe and olfactory bulbs. The highest levels of PrPBSE were detected in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and pons, and correspondingl y both rapid tests showed 100% correlation with the immunohistoche mistry with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Some inconsistencie s between the levels of PrPBSE determined either by immunohistoche mistry or by the rapid tests were found in brain areas with medium to low levels of PrPBSE. These brain areas included the cerebellar hemisphere, olfactory bulb, and the temporal and parietal cortices. A brain PrPBSE distribution curve (BPDC) was designed by plotting the PrPBSE signals obtained from the two rapid tests versus the anatomical region along the caudal-rostral axis of the brain. Comparison of the BPDC of the nine BSE cases showed that all cases had a similar PrPBSE distribution in the brain but with variable intensities, which could be explained by different stages in the progression of the disease. We propose that the BPDC could be used as a tool to differentiate classical cases of BSE from the recently identified atypical BSE cases.E Vidal, M Marquez, M Ordonez, AJ Raeber, T Struckmeyer, B Oesch, S Siso, M Pumarola

Source: Journal of Virological Methods, Vol. 127, No. 1. (July 2005), pp. 24-32.
Immunohistoche mical approach to the pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in its early stages.: J Virol Methods (6 January 2006)An immunohistoche mical and histochemical study was carried out on the brains of nine cases of BSE-diagnosed cattle as part of the surveillance plan in Catalonia, Spain. The animals had no clinical symptoms reported and were thus at early stages of the disease. The first part of the study consisted of a characterizati on of PrP(BSE) deposits throughout the encephalon. The behaviour of the different immuno-labelli ng patterns was analysed and tropism of some patterns towards certain brain areas was described. This tropism is principally directed to the brain stem region; however, an association of the stellate pattern was found with areas where PrP(BSE) is deposited less abundantly, such as the cerebral cortex. Secondly, distinct pathogenesis mechanisms that take place in the early stages of BSE, which would include these cases were investigated. This study describes the glial response to the presence of PrP(BSE) (using antibodies against astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein and lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia to identify microglia), the presence of mild oxidative stress phenomena (antibodies against metallothionei ns I and II and against nitrated aminoacidic residues: nitrotyrosine) , the apparent absence of apoptotic cellular death (cleaved caspase 3) and the preservation of synaptic proteins synaptophysin and small synaptosome-as sociated 25kDa protein immuno-labelli ng. Finally, no alteration of the extra-cellular matrix was detected with the use of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, a marker for perineuronal nets.E Vidal, M Márquez, R Tortosa, C Costa, A Serafín, M Pumarola

Source: J Virol Methods (6 January 2006)
Comparison of the neuropathologi cal characteristic s of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Ja kob disease (vCJD) in mice.: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, Vol. 29, No. 3. (June 2003), pp. 262-272.Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Ja kob disease (vCJD) belong to a group of diseases called the transmissible spongiform encephalopathi es (TSEs). Transmission studies in inbred mice (strain typing) provided overwhelming evidence that vCJD arose from BSE. In this study, we compare the patterns of neuropathology in a panel of three inbred mouse strains (RIII, C57BL and VM) and one cross (C57BL x VM) infected with either vCJD or BSE. For each mouse strain, patterns of abnormal prion protein (PrPres) deposition, astrocytosis and vacuolation were similar in the vCJD- and BSE-challenged mice. Prion protein (PrP)-positive plaques were prominent in the VM and C57BL x VM mice in addition to diffuse PrPres accumulation, whereas only diffuse PrPres labelling was observed in the RIII and C57BL mice. The hippocampus was targeted in all mouse strains, as was the cochlear nucleus in the medulla, both showing consistent severe vacuolation and heavy PrPres deposition. Although the targeting of PrPres was similar in the BSE- and vCJD-infected brains, the amount and intensity of PrPres observed in the brains treated with formic acid during fixation was reduced considerably. The distribution of astrocytosis was similar to the targeting of PrPres deposition in the brain, although some differences were observed in the hippocampi of mice challenged with vCJD. We conclude that there are no significant differences in the targeting of neuropathologi cal changes observed in the BSE- and vCJD-infected mice, consistent with the previous evidence of a link between BSE and vCJD.DA Brown, ME Bruce, JR Fraser

Source: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, Vol. 29, No. 3. (June 2003), pp. 262-272.
Assessment of the impact of cattle testing strategies on human exposure to BSE agents in Japan.: Int J Food Microbiol (30 December 2005)In Japan, cattle screening tests for BSE are conducted at slaughterhouse s for surveillance purposes and as a meat safety measure, but the public health impacts of such testing and the subsequent removal of positive animals from the food chain have not been quantitatively assessed. We evaluated the influence of removing specified risk materials and the alternation of age limits for testing cattle at the slaughterhouse on human exposure to the BSE agent in Japan by constructing a probabilistic risk model. A stochastic model using Monte Carlo simulation was constructed in order to estimate the BSE infectivity destined for the food chain from a single BSE-infected animal at slaughter. The impact of different testing strategies and risk material removal were then compared. Murine intra-cerebral ID(50) (m.i.c. ID(50)) units were used as units for BSE infectivity. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for key input variables by changing values within plausible ranges. The expected fraction of BSE-infected cattle presented for slaughter that would be detected by screening tests was 20%, even if all slaughtered cattle were tested. The removal of risk materials reduced the median value estimate of infectivity destined for human consumption by 95%. Cattle screening tests reduced the infectivity further, but reduction efficacy did not differ among the various testing strategies. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the characteristic s of BSE infectivity accumulation during the incubation period, extension of the incubation period, and lowering the detection limit of screening tests had no significant impact on relative infectivity reduction, which remained stable irrespective of testing strategy or changes in these parameters. This study suggests that the impact of changing the age limit for testing cattle on beef safety is small, provided that the removal of risk materials is conducted properly.Toshi yuki Tsutsui, Fumiko Kasuga

Source: Int J Food Microbiol (30 December 2005)
Comparative evidence for a link between Peyer's patch development and susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathi es.: BMC Infect Dis, Vol. 6, No. 1. (11 January 2006)ABSTRACT: Background Epidemiologica l analyses indicate that the age distribution of natural cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopthie s (TSEs) reflect age-related risk of infection, however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a comparative approach, we tested the hypothesis that, there is a significant correlation between risk of infection for scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant CJD (vCJD), and the development of lymphoid tissue in the gut. Methods Using anatomical data and estimates of risk of infection in mathematical models (which included results from previously published studies) for sheep, cattle and humans, we calculated the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, rs, between available measures of Peyer's patch (PP) development and the estimated risk of infection for an individual of the corresponding age. Results There was a significant correlation between the measures of PP development and the estimated risk of TSE infection; the two age-related distributions peaked in the same age groups. This result was obtained for each of the three host species: for sheep, surface area of ileal PP tissue vs risk of infection, rs = 0.913 (n = 19, P < 0.001), and lymphoid follicle density vs risk of infection, rs = 0.933 (n = 19, P < 0.001); for cattle, weight of PP tissue vs risk of infection, rs = 0.693 (n = 94, P < 0.001); and for humans, number of PPs vs risk of infection, rs = 0.384 (n = 46, P = 0.008). In addition, when changes in exposure associated with BSE-contaminat ed meat were accounted for, the two age-related patterns for humans remained concordant: rs = 0.360 (n = 46, P = 0 .014). Conclusions Our findings suggest that, for sheep, cattle and humans alike there is an association between PP development (or a correlate of PP development) and susceptibility to natural TSE infection. This association may explain changes in susceptibility with host age, and differences in the age-susceptibi lity relationship between host species.Suzann e St Rose, Nora Hunter, Louise Matthews, James Foster, Margo Chase-Topping, Loeske Kruuk, Darren Shaw, Susan Rhind, Robert Will, Mark Woolhouse

Source: BMC Infect Dis, Vol. 6, No. 1. (11 January 2006)
Primary isolation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in mice: agent definition based on a review of 150 transmissions.: J Comp Pathol, Vol. 132, No. 2-3. (r 2005), pp. 117-131.In the epizootic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain, the cattle in which a positive diagnosis was made numbered almost 180 000, but strain characterizati on was performed on only a very small sample of these cases. This report describes the results of BSE transmission to Prnp(a) mice from 150 transmission experiments at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) over the last decade. These data, derived from a large sample of BSE-affected cattle, confirmed previous reports that show no evidence for diversity in BSE isolates. The agent was readily transmitted to mice, with a mean incubation period of 408 days in the RIII strain. Because the incubation period was related to the titre of the inoculum, it is not a reliable characteristic of strain type on primary isolation. Consistent neuropathologi cal changes associated with infection by the BSE agent in RIII and C57Bl mice included focal vacuolation in the dorsal cochlear nuclei, vacuolation of the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, absence of lesions in the hippocampus and in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, and a fine particulate distribution of disease-specif ic PrP (demonstrated immunohistoche mically), with few or no amyloid plaques. These features, together with the conventional lesion profile, will be of use in distinguishing the agents of BSE and scrapie in sheep.R Green, C Horrocks, A Wilkinson, SA Hawkins, SJ Ryder

Source: J Comp Pathol, Vol. 132, No. 2-3. (r 2005), pp. 117-131.
Constructing the scientific citizen: Science and democracy in the biosciences: Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 10, No. 1. (1 January 2001), pp. 1-18.The relationship between science policy and public opinion has become a lively topic in the UK - especially with regard to the BSE crisis and genetically modified foods. A number of governmental publications have recently advocated greater public dialogue and engagement. In this general context, the paper explores the configuration of scientific citizenship and of the scientific citizen within policy and consultation processes. Building upon a detailed examination of one important social experiment - the Public Consultation on Developments in the Biosciences - the social construction of both science and public consultation is considered. With particular attention to the framing of issues for public debate, the constitution of audience and the construction of citizenship, the paper argues the need to move beyond mere sloganizing over science and democracy. The discussion concludes with a presentation of competing technologies of community and an assessment of their significance for the future practice of scientific citizenship. 10.1088/0963-6 625/10/1/301Al an Irwin

Source: Public Understanding of Science, Vol. 10, No. 1. (1 January 2001), pp. 1-18.
Analyzing BSE Transmission to Quantify Regional Risk: Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5. (October 2007), pp. 1095-1103.De Koeijer, A Aline

Source: Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5. (October 2007), pp. 1095-1103.
A quantitative assessment of the BSE risk associated with fly ash and slag from the incineration of meat-and-bone meal in a gas-fired power plant in Denmark: Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 2-4. (10 May 2005), pp. 263-275.It has been recommended that meat-and-bone meal (MBM) be incinerated at 850 [degree sign]C for at least 2 s and the ashes and slag disposed of in controlled landfills, to dispose of animal-derived proteins. Most commonly, the MBM is incinerated in cement works or coal-fired power plants and the ashes and slag are incorporated into the cement or concrete. Our goal was to assess with a Monte Carlo simulation model the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk to cattle and humans posed by the ash and slag. The results will be used by decision makers to evaluate the need for disposal of the fly ash in controlled landfills and the feasibility of use of the ash by the phosphate and fertilizer industries. We assumed that all specified risk material (SRM) and MBM produced in Denmark would be incinerated in this gas-fired power plant. Based on observations in 2001, we assumed that, on average, six (range: 0-15) clinical BSE cases each year were rendered into MBM and incinerated. In addition, SRM or carcasses from 0 to 31 (median = 10) BSE-infected-b ut-undetected animals/BSE case were also incinerated. The simulations were run on a 1-week basis. Our results suggest that if the slag is collected and re-incinerated the median BSE infectivity remaining in the fly ash per week would be 3.1E-11 cattle ID50. A cattle ID50 is the amount of infectivity that will cause infection in 50% of cattle exposed to it. During the weeks when BSE was infected in the SRM-MBM, the median infectivity in the fly ash was estimated as 8.7E-10 cattle ID50 and 2.9E-12 human ID50. The 95th percentiles were 2.1E-08 cattle ID50 and 5.8E-10 human ID50, respectively. One ton of fly ash would contain

Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 2-4. (10 May 2005), pp. 263-275.

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