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Regulation of plant innate immunity by three proteins in a complex conserved across the plant and animal kingdoms: Genes Dev., Vol. 21, No. 12. (15 June 2007), pp. 1484-1493.Inna te immunity against pathogen infection is an evolutionarily conserved process among multicellular organisms. Arabidopsis SNC1 encodes a Resistance protein that combines attributes of multiple mammalian pattern recognition receptors. Utilizing snc1 as an autoimmune model, we identified a discrete protein complex containing at least three members--MOS4 (Modifier Of snc1, 4), AtCDC5, and PRL1 (Pleiotropic Regulatory Locus 1)--that are all essential for plant innate immunity. AtCDC5 has DNA-binding activity, suggesting that this complex probably regulates defense responses through transcriptiona l control. Since the complex components along with their interactions are highly conserved from fission yeast to Arabidopsis and human, they may also have a yet-to-be-iden tified function in mammalian innate immunity. 10.1101/gad.15 59607Kristoffe r Palma, Qingguo Zhao, Yu Cheng, Dongling Bi, Jacqueline Monaghan, Wei Cheng, Yuelin Zhang, Xin Li

Source: Genes Dev., Vol. 21, No. 12. (15 June 2007), pp. 1484-1493.
Transactional collection classes: (2007), pp. 56-67.Brian Carlstrom, Austen Mcdonald, Michael Carbin, Christos Kozyrakis, Kunle Olukotun

Source: (2007), pp. 56-67.
Quantitative detection of increasing HIV type 1 antibodies after seroconversion : a simple assay for detecting recent HIV infection and estimating incidence.: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, Vol. 18, No. 4. (1 March 2002), pp. 295-307.We have devised a simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that detects increasing levels of anti-HIV IgG after seroconversion and can be used for detecting recent HIV-1 infection. Use of a branched peptide that included gp41 immunodominant sequences from HIV-1 subtypes B, E, and D allowed similar detection of HIV-specific antibodies among various subtypes. Because of the competitive nature of the capture EIA, a gradual increase in the proportion of HIV-1-specific IgG in total IgG was observed for 2 years after seroconversion . This was in contrast to results obtained with the conventional EIA using the same antigen in solid phase, which plateaus soon after seroconversion . The assay was used to test 622 longitudinal specimens from 139 incident infections in the United States (subtype B) and in Thailand (subtypes B and E). The assay was also performed with an additional 8 M urea incubation step to assess the contribution of high-avidity antibodies. Normalized optical density (OD-n) was calculated (ODspecimen/OD calibrator), using a calibrator specimen. An incremental analysis indicated that a cutoff of 1.0 OD-n and a seroconversion period of 160 days offered the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for classifying incident or long-term infections. The urea step increased the seroconversion period to 180 days with similar sensitivity and specificity. Separate analysis of B and E subtype specimens yielded the same optimal OD-n threshold and similar seroconversion periods. The assay was further validated in African specimens (subtypes A, C, and D) where the observed incidence was within 10% of the expected incidence. This assay should be useful for detecting recent HIV-1 infection and for estimating incidence among diverse HIV-1 subtypes worldwide.BS Parekh, MS Kennedy, T Dobbs, CP Pau, R Byers, T Green, DJ Hu, S Vanichseni, NL Young, K Choopanya, TD Mastro, JS McDougal

Source: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, Vol. 18, No. 4. (1 March 2002), pp. 295-307.
Avian influenza: an omnipresent pandemic threat.: Pediatr Infect Dis J, Vol. 24, No. 11 Suppl. (November 2005)BACKGROUN D: Humans have faced 3 major influenza pandemics in the 20th century. In recent years, it has become evident that domestic poultry play an important role in the generation of novel influenza strains with the capacity to cross the species barrier and infect and kill humans at an alarming rate. There is particular concern that avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype could cause a pandemic. METHODS: A better understanding of the genetic factors that lead to interspecies transmission is essential to prevent the emergence of influenza pandemics. In addition, the stockpiling of antiviral drugs and development of vaccines against potentially pandemic viruses must be considered under the umbrella of pandemic plans. RESULTS: The world is ill-prepared to face an influenza pandemic. Only a handful of countries have developed influenza pandemic plans, and even fewer are developing vaccines or stockpiling antiinfluenza drugs to ameliorate the impact of a potential pandemic. Currently the major undertaking in several at risk nations is to implement effective control measures to stop the spread of the virus at its source, that is, avian species. These measures include the culling of domestic poultry to contain the virus, a practice that could eventually bring these countries to a financial and social breaking point. CONCLUSIONS: Avian influenza disease is preventable in humans and birds with the concerted effort of governments and poultry producers, large and small, to improve biosecurity and education programs. Pandemic plans can reduce the impact of the pandemic; however, preventing avian influenza in poultry can avert a pandemic altogether.DR Perez, EM Sorrell, RO Donis

Source: Pediatr Infect Dis J, Vol. 24, No. 11 Suppl. (November 2005)
Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendation s of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).: MMWR Recomm Rep, Vol. 46, No. RR-8. (4 April 1997), pp. 1-24.This report updates the last recommendation s by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) concerning pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MMWR 1989;38:64-8, 73-6). ACIP recommends that the vaccine be used more extensively and administered to all persons in the following groups: a) persons aged > or = 65 years, b) immunocompeten t persons aged > or = to 2 years who are at increased risk for illness and death associated with pneumococcal disease because of chronic illness, c) persons aged > or = 2 years with functional or anatomic asplenia, d) persons aged > or = 2 years living in environments in which the risk for disease is high, and e) immunocompromi sed persons aged > or = 2 years who are at high risk for infection. This report contains updated information regarding a) antimicrobial resistance among pneumococci, b) vaccine effectiveness and cost-effective ness, c) indications for vaccination, d) guidelines for revaccination, e) strategies for improving delivery of vaccine, and f) development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Source: MMWR Recomm Rep, Vol. 46, No. RR-8. (4 April 1997), pp. 1-24.
Brief report: investigation into recalled human tissue for transplantatio n--United States, 2005-2006.: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, Vol. 55, No. 20. (26 May 2006), pp. 564-566.On September 29, 2005, a human tissue-process ing company discovered inaccuracies in donor records forwarded from a tissue-recover y firm and notified the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). An FDA investigation determined that the recovery firm, Biomedical Tissue Services, Ltd. (BTS) (Fort Lee, New Jersey), recovered tissues from human donors who might not have met donor eligibility requirements and who were not screened properly for certain infectious diseases. In October 2005, BTS and the five processors that had received the tissues, working with FDA, issued a recall for all tissues recovered by BTS. The continuing FDA investigation determined that information for some donors (e.g., cause, place, or time of death) was not consistent with death certificate data obtained from the states where the deaths occurred. The investigation also determined that BTS had failed to recover tissues in a manner that would prevent contamination or cross-contamin ation and failed to control environmental conditions adequately during tissue recovery. These failures were violations of the Current Good Tissue Practice Rules (effective May 25, 2005), which require manufacturers to recover, process, store, label, package, and distribute human cells, tissue, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) to prevent introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases. In January 2006, FDA ordered BTS to cease manufacturing and to retain all HCT/Ps.

Source: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, Vol. 55, No. 20. (26 May 2006), pp. 564-566.

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