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- Topographic
context of
glaciers and
perennial
snowfields,
Glacier
National Park,
Montana: Geomorphology,
Vol. 21, No.
3., pp.
207-216.Equili
brium-line
altitudes
(ELAs) of
modern
glaciers in
the northern
Rocky
Mountains are
known to
correspond
with regional
climate, but
strong
subregional
gradients such
as across the
Continental
Divide in
Glacier
National Park,
Montana, also
exert
topoclimatic
influences on
the ELA. This
study analyzed
the
relationships
between
glacier and
snowfield
morphology,
ELA, and
surrounding
topography.
Glaciers and
perennial
snowfields
were mapped
using
multitemporal
satellite data
from the
Landsat
Thematic
Mapper and
aerial
photography
within an
integrated
Geographic
Information
System (GIS).
Relationships
between
glacier
morphology and
ELA were
investigated
using
discriminant
analysis. Four
morphological
categories of
perennial snow
and ice
patches were
identified:
cirque
glacier, niche
glacier, ice
cap, and
snowfield. ELA
was derived
from overlaid
glacier
boundaries and
Digital
Elevation
Models (DEMs)
within the
GIS. DEMs
provided
topographic
variables and
models of
solar
radiation and
wind
exposure/shelt
eredness.
Regression
analysis
showed the
effects of
exposure on
snow
accumulation,
the strong
influence of
local
topography
through
upslope zone
morphology
such as cirque
backwalls, and
the tendency
for glaciers
with high ELAs
to exhibit
compactness in
morphology.
Results
highlight the
relatively
compact shape
and larger
area of
glaciers
adjacent to
the
Continental
Divide.
Discriminant
analysis
correctly
predicted the
type of
glacier
morphology in
more than half
the
observations
using factored
variables of
glacier shape,
elevation
range, and
upslope
area.TR Allen
Source: Geomorphology, Vol. 21, No. 3., pp. 207-216. - An analysis of
diversity
measures: Machine
Learning, Vol.
65, No. 1.
(October
2006), pp.
247-271.Tang,
, Suganthan, ,
Yao,
Source: Machine Learning, Vol. 65, No. 1. (October 2006), pp. 247-271.
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