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Challenges to Public Television in the Era of Convergence and Commercializat ion: Television New Media, Vol. 4, No. 2. (1 May 2003), pp. 155-175.The question of whether public broadcasting should be sustained and protected is at the heart of current media policy debates in Europe. The main issue is whether traditional forms of regulation, including regulation protecting public communication and the media's social and cultural functions, are still relevant in the emerging digital media system. In this article, the situation of public television is discussed with reference to the Norwegian experience and the media policies emanating from the European Union. In the article, it is argued that the momentous changes associated with convergence, globalization, and privatization have produced a new set of challenges to public broadcasters and policy makers. Although the range of possible responses is curtailed by an ideological climate that favors market regulation over more traditional forms of cultural policy, it is argued that the situation also creates space for new policies destined to protect and defend public broadcasting. 10.1177/152747 6402250683Trin e Syvertsen

Source: Television New Media, Vol. 4, No. 2. (1 May 2003), pp. 155-175.
The Challenge of European Union Security Governance: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5. (December 2006), pp. 947-968.Emil Kirchner

Source: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5. (December 2006), pp. 947-968.
The Use of Human Experience Data in the EU Risk Assessment Process: Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 387-396.Money, D Chris

Source: Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 387-396.
Enhancing the role of science in the decision-makin g of the European Union: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 44, No. 1. (February 2006), pp. 4-13.Used well, science provides effective ways of identifying potential risks, protecting citizens, and using resources wisely. It enables government decisions to be based on evidence and provides a foundation for a rule-based framework that supports global trade. To ensure that the best available science becomes a key input in the decisions made by EU institutions, this abridged version of a working paper produced for the European Policy Centre, a leading, independent think tank, considers how science is currently used in the policy and decision-makin g processes of the EU, what the limitations of scientific evidence are, and how a risk assessment process based on scientific `good practices' can be advantageous. Finally, the paper makes recommendation s on how to improve the use of science by EU institutions.L orenzo Allio, Bruce Ballantine, Richard Meads

Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 44, No. 1. (February 2006), pp. 4-13.
European regulations on nutraceuticals , dietary supplements and functional foods: a framework based on safety.: Toxicology, Vol. 221, No. 1. (3 April 2006), pp. 59-74.This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibiliti es for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for 'functional foods' or 'nutraceutical s' in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all foods. In addition, legislation on dietetic foods, on food supplements or on novel foods may also be applicable to functional foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of 'nutraceutical s' in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional foods and nutraceuticals is 'safety'. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having 'functional foods' ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.P Coppens, MF da Silva, S Pettman

Source: Toxicology, Vol. 221, No. 1. (3 April 2006), pp. 59-74.
Impact of Europeanizatio n on Nordic alcohol control policies: a discussion of processes and national differences: Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1. (1 February 2000), pp. 59-67.The impact of Europeanizatio n on Nordic alcohol control policies can occur through three main processes: 'positive activist reform', 'negative reform', and 'reform by indirect (de facto) pressure'. In this article the significance of each of these processes has been considered, and based on this discussion, it emerges that the effects have mainly occurred through negative reforms or indirect pressure. Through these processes, the state alcohol monopoly systems have been deregulated and liberalized, and the price levels of alcoholic beverages have been lowered and are currently under pressure to be further reduced. The impact of Europeanizatio n on Nordic alcohol control policies have to a large degree been the same for the EU members Finland and Sweden, as for Iceland and Norway, due to their participation in the EEA Agreement. The activist role of the courts and the dominance of negative reforms within the single market are crucial.Trygve Ugland

Source: Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1. (1 February 2000), pp. 59-67.
Adaptation and Integration through Policy Re-categorizat ion: Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 23, No. 02. (2003), pp. 157-170.Trygve Ugland

Source: Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 23, No. 02. (2003), pp. 157-170.
Experiments in Food Safety Policy Integration in the European Union: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3. (September 2006), pp. 607-624.Trygve Ugland, Frode Veggeland

Source: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3. (September 2006), pp. 607-624.
Citizens' Views on Health Care Systems in the 15 Member States of The European Union: Health Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2. (1997), pp. 109-116.This paper provides an initial analysis of a Eurobarometer/ LSE survey on citizens' views on health care systems which was conducted in the 15 European Union Member States in 1996. It examines and discusses citizens' satisfaction with the running of health care, their views towards major health care reforms and attitudes on health care spending. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Elias Mossialos

Source: Health Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2. (1997), pp. 109-116.
Europe before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration: International Organization, Vol. 47, No. 1. (1993), pp. 41-76.The European Court of Justice has been the dark horse of European integration, quietly transforming the Treaty of Rome into a European Community (EC) constitution and steadily increasing the impact and scope of EC law. While legal scholars have tended to take the Court's power for granted, political scientists have overlooked it entirely. This article develops a first-stage theory of community law and politics that marries the insights of legal scholars with a theoretical framework developed by political scientists. Neofunctionali sm, the theory that dominated regional integration studies in the 1960s, offers a set of independent variables that convincingly and parsimoniously explain the process of legal integration in the EC. Just as neofunctionali sm predicts, the principal forces behind that process are supranational and subnational actors pursuing their own self-interests within a politically insulated sphere. Its distinctive features include a widening of the ambit of successive legal decisions according to a functional logic, a gradual shift in the expectations of both government institutions and private actors participating in the legal system, and the strategic subordination of immediate individual interests of member states to postulated collective interests over the long term. Law functions as a mask for politics, precisely the role neofunctionali sts originally forecast for economics. Paradoxically, however, the success of legal institutions in performing that function rests on their self-conscious preservation of the autonomy of law.Anne-Marie Burley, Walter Mattli

Source: International Organization, Vol. 47, No. 1. (1993), pp. 41-76.

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